1. Product Structure and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically bound core-shell architecture.
The steel core, normally low-carbon or stainless steel, gives mechanical robustness with tensile strengths surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper finish– usually 2– 10% of the total diameter– imparts exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is critical for efficiency; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to ensure solid adhesion and very little interdiffusion under operational stress and anxieties.
Electroplating is one of the most common method, offering accurate density control and uniform coverage on continuous steel filaments attracted with copper sulfate baths.
Appropriate surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, ensures optimal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination throughout subsequent handling or service.
With time and at elevated temperatures, interdiffusion can develop breakable iron-copper intermetallic stages at the user interface, which might endanger versatility and lasting integrity– an obstacle alleviated by diffusion barriers or quick processing.
1.2 Physical and Functional Quality
CCSFs combine the most effective characteristics of both basic metals: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the exceptional conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity normally ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), depending on finish thickness and pureness, making CCSF significantly a lot more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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