1. Origin, Composition, and Molecular Design
1.1 All-natural Source and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Pet protein-based frothing representatives are acquired mainly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse spin-offs such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
With regulated alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these structural healthy proteins are broken down right into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional teams.
This double affinity allows the molecules to adsorb effectively at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical oygenation, reducing surface area tension and stabilizing bubble formation– a critical need for producing consistent mobile concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, animal protein lathering representatives are biodegradable, non-toxic, and display excellent compatibility with Rose city cement systems as a result of their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– generally in between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly influences foam stability, water drainage price, and bubble dimension, making procedure control during hydrolysis crucial for constant efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When thinned down with water (commonly at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented right into a foam generator, the healthy protein option develops a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This film resists coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of larger bubbles at the cost of smaller ones– by developing a mechanically durable interfacial layer enhanced with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam displays high development ratios (typically 15– 25:1) and reduced water drainage rates (
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